均匀坡下微灌毛管水力设计的平均水头法

“平水头法”是均匀坡下微灌毛管水力设计中一种简单易行的方法。该方法根据流量指数x和允许压力偏差率在特定范围内灌水器平均流量所对应的压力与平均(设计)压力近似相等的原理,建立端压与均压间的关系式,以压力设计结果代替流量设计结果。通过相对误差分析,证明了这种方法在实际应用中的可行性。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.     

棉花幼苗侧根发生的化学诱导研究 Ⅲ.Ca~(2+)对棉花幼苗侧根发生和根系IAA含量的影响研究初报

清水或 DPC 200ppm 溶液浸种培养的棉花幼苗在移栽时用含 Ca~(2+)30ppm 的 CaCl_2溶液漫根2小时处理,栽后8天观察发现,两种浸种方式,Ca~(2+)均能促进棉苗侧根的发生,并提高根系 IAA 含量。但 Ca~(2+)处理 DPC 降低根对棉酚含量的效应无明显影响。上述试验结果显示出 Ca~(2+)与诱导棉苗侧根发生和调节根系 IAA 水平之间存在着某些内在的联系,这可能涉及到 Ca~(2+)·CaM系统(胞内第二信使系统)与植物激素效应之间的关系。     

Flowering-pattern and yield components at inflorescence nodes of snap bean as affected by irrigation and plant density

This paper reports the results of a 2 × 2 factorial experiment on bush snap beans ‘Oregon 1604’. The treatments were 2 contrasted irrigation regimes and 2 contrasted plant densities, and were applied in 1978 and repeated in 1979. Data were collected on the number of flowers and pods, and pod size, at each node of the terminal inflorescence (6-T) of the main stem, and at each node of the oldest inflorescence (2-A) at Node 2. High and low plant densities were 45 and 18 plants m^?2 in 1978 and 54 and 33 plants m^?2 in 1979. High temperatures, frequently above 32°C, prevailed during bloom and pod development in 1978, but for the most part occurred only during the week prior to bloom in 1979. Inflorescences 6-T and 2-A usually formed 4 and 3 RN's, respectively, in 1978 and 3 and 2 RN's in 1979. The flowers at the proximal nodes of each inflorescence all opened within a few days of one another (duration of flowering at proximal nodes between 3 and 5 days); the flowering-periods of adjacent nodes overlapped, and the flowering period increased acropetally within the inflorescence (duration of flowering at distal nodes between 7 and 13 days). In general, number of flowers, pods formed, pods harvested and percent set decreased acropetally within each inflorescence. The rate of acropetal decline was lessened by high irrigation or low plant density. In both years, high irrigation increased the percent set of all RN's of the 2-A inflorescences, but few other consistent effects between years were observed. The 2 most proximal RN's together produced 93% or more of the yield of each inflorescence. High irrigation significantly increased the total number of pods harvested from these RN's of inflorescences 6-T and 2-A, and low density had a similar effect on 2-A.     

应用可拓学原理评价黄瓜根分泌物的化感潜势

 对黄瓜组培根分泌物的化感潜势进行可拓评价, 得出黄瓜组培根分泌物对菜豆幼苗生长有显著促进作用, 而对其它3种作物有明显的毒害作用, 毒害程度为黄瓜>甜瓜>番茄。同时, 建立了黄瓜组培根分泌液的化感效应的数学模型R_E = [ k₁R_p0 / ( k₂ - k₁ ) ] ( e^{- k1t} - e^{- k2t} ) ( e- ^k1a - e^{- k2a} ) , 说明了黄瓜组培根分泌液的化感效应与组培根培养时间( t) 以及根分泌液浓度( a) 显著相关。黄瓜根分泌物对4种受体作物显示出显著的化学干扰差异, 论证了植物种内(间) 发生的干扰作用与植物的品种(系) 有关, 从理论上得出菜豆可以作为黄瓜的间套作物或下茬作物。     

梭梭幼苗根系分泌物提取方法的研究

为了探讨梭梭根系分泌物中的化学成分,本文采用水浸提取和循环灌溉两种方法对梭梭幼苗根系分泌物进行收集和提取,结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,分析梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中组分和含量的差异。实验结果表明:循环灌溉收集的梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中检测到35种化合物,包括酚醌类、醛酮类、醇类、酸类、脂类和胺类化合物;硅烷化处理后,主要增加部分强极性有机酸,如苯甲酸。水浸提取梭梭幼苗根系分泌物的中性相组分共检测出27种化合物,但未检测到酚醌类化合物;碱性相组分共检测出23种化合物,醛酮类化合物种类减少,烷烃类化合物种类增加;酸性相组分中仅检测到10种化合物,以醇类化合物为主,占检出化合物总量的72.62%。收集梭梭幼苗根系分泌物循环灌溉是一种有效的方法。     

Nutrient Management,Cultivar Development and Selection Strategies to Optimize Water Use Efficiency

Summary

Cultivars can be selected for traits that improve water use efficiency, and fertilizers and other nutrient sources also can be managed to optimize water use efficiency of a crop. Both cultivar selection and nutrient management impact water use efficiency by altering photosynthetic rate, yield, rooting characteristics, transpiration, or soil evaporation. In order to optimize water use efficiency, cultivar and nutrient decisions should be made jointly. This integrated approach will lead to improvements in water use efficiency, with an increase in productivity and profitability per unit water.     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from lateral shoots of herbaceous bamboo Mniochloa abersend

Callus induction and plant regeneration of Mniochloa abersend via lateral shoots were conducted in this study. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was effective for compact callus induction. Remarkably, calli on the MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D yielded the highest folds of proliferation (8.01), and showed a high potential capacity to differentiate 1 year after subculture. In addition, the compact calli possessed 100% differentiation rate and generated more shoots that were green and strong in 1.0 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L NAA. Vigorous roots were generated in the 1/2MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, and the resultant plantlets exhibited 90% survival rate after they were hardened and transplanted. The established regeneration system of M. abersend provides a promising platform for bamboo gene function study.